Using Present Perfect for past experiences

The usage of the Present Perfect is perfectly good here.

Had it been the alternative Past Simple that some people might prefer:

"I missed... I lost... I was trusted and missed... I failed..."

Then all the past experiences being mentioned would be totally detached from where MJ was at the time of speaking. In short, all his past experiences would hold little relevance to where he's gotten.

On the other hand, as it appears in the quote:

"I've missed... I've lost... I've been trusted and missed... I've failed..."

Everything connects, affects, and even builds up to the point when he says: "This is why I succeed."

P.S. This would be true whether MJ was still playing or already retired at the time of the quote. In the last sentence, he could be talking about his success specifically in basketball, a recently fulfilled career, or life in general