Explain the phrase "Old Norwegian History Professor" and provide other examples [closed]
I remember the phrase "old Norwegian history professor" being offered as a good example of confusion that can arise in certain English phrases, but can't explain it well. (That is, is the professor an old professor that teaches Norwegian history? Is the professor an old Norwegian that teaches history? Is the professor a teacher of old Norwegian history?)
More specifically, I'd like to know if there are other examples of this confusion.
old Norwegian history professor
The phrase can be interpreted in three ways:
- A professor who teaches old Norwegian history
- An old professor who teaches Norwegian history
- An old Norwegian professor who teaches history.
A grammatically correct sentence which can be interpreted in more than one way is said to have syntactic ambiguity
Syntactic ambiguity arises not from the range of meanings of single words, but from the relationship between the words and clauses of a sentence, and the sentence structure implied thereby. When a reader can reasonably interpret the same sentence as having more than one possible structure, the text is equivocal and meets the definition of syntactic ambiguity
Two examples
John saw the man on the mountain with a telescope. (Who has the telescope? John, the man on the mountain, or the mountain?)
Flying planes can be dangerous. (Either the act of flying planes is dangerous, or planes that are flying are dangerous.)
Following on from Mari-Lou A's post on syntactic ambiguity - 'When a reader can reasonably interpret the same sentence as having more than one possible structure' - I've come across an article from the real world (well, the courts) where the exact meaning of
'When a reader can reasonably interpret the same sentence as having more than one possible structure'
is debated. The court ruling on the grammar involved was:
For example, the statement, “This basketball team has a seven-foot center, a huge power forward, and two large guards, who do spectacular dunks,” differs from the statement, “This basketball team has a seven-foot center, a huge power forward, and two large guards who do spectacular dunks.” The first statement conveys that all four players do spectacular dunks. The latter statement conveys that only the guards do so.
( http://www.adamsdrafting.com/dont-rely-on-commas-for-disambiguation/ )
I think we'd all agree with this opinion - certainly Ken Adams, commenting on the proceedings in the article, agrees that the court has got its grammar right.
What he takes exception to is that the man on the Clapham omnibus (or its US quivalent) should reasonably be expected to interpret the two sentences the way trained linguists would.