English for French word "équivalence", in an academic context

Solution 1:

This is known as course equivalency. I've seen the équivalence itself called the "equivalent course" or "transferable credit".

Solution 2:

ODO says recognised qualification.

Credit transfer is also used in the UK.

Solution 3:

There are multiple ways to refer to this.

One can 'get credit' for a class taken in another curriculum.

One can 'test out of' a class (by taking a test).

One can 'have a requirement fulfilled' by taking a class in another institution or program.

Or one can even say (without a specific phrase for it) that one did not have to take that class.

In American English, one doesn't use the term 'equivalency' though with context it should be understood. One might use the phrasing 'I had an equivalent class in another program' but that's not what one would call the situation usually.