htaccess Redirect (Rewrite) if a param NOT exist
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RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} !(^|&)v=12(&|$)
RewriteRule ^/?page/?$ /page/?v=12 [R=302,QSD,L]
You were nearly there ...
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} !(^|&)v=12(&|$)
RewriteRule ^/?page/?$ /page/?v=12 [R=302,QSD,L]