How to say my meetings have caused cascading delay

Solution 1:

A day to day phrase?

My meeting took longer than expected and it has had a domino effect on the meetings after it.

domino effect TFD an idiom

A phenomenon in which an initial event causes a series of other related events to occur, much like the sequence seen in toppling dominos

Like a self sustaining reaction or a chain reaction (figuratively).

Solution 2:

If you want a phrasal verb, I can suggest "set back"

phrasal verb
1.If something sets you back or sets back a project or scheme, it causes a delay.
Collins Dictionary

set someone/something back
1.Delay or impede the progress of someone or something.
Oxford Living Dictionaries

"set back" by itself may be OK, but I personally think that using the word timetable or schedule with it is a lot better.

• "The last meeting ran late, and now my whole schedule has been set back. I apologize."

Or possibly "one of my meetings" instead of "last meeting".