How can I see through smoke?

With a sniper rifle and the Enhanced Scope weapon modification you get some help in seeing enemies through the smoke. The mod highlights the enemies behind the scope, though it doesn't really allow you to see completely through it.

If you're not using a sniper rifle I would try to flank the enemy if possible and circumvent the smoke that way. If flanking is not possible I usually just stay in cover until the smoke clears or the enemies walk through it.

The most effective thing I've found to deal with smoke is to search for a path around the smoke to get behind the enemy that threw it. The AI tends to only use smoke to hide instead of using it to gain a strategic advantage. As such, I try to use it to better position myself for combat.

Additionally, there is a mod for sniper rifles that allows you to see sort of see enemies through smoke. If you choose not to carry a sniper rifle, though, use the smoke tactically with the first suggestion.

In addition to the other responses the Geth Scanner gear bonus will show enemies even through smoke at a limited range