How to extract arbitrary iOS application Data from iPhone 11?

iTunes File Sharing

Some apps share their documents folder through iTunes file sharing. It's up to the developer to enable this functionality. If this is enabled, you can find the app's documents folder in Finder by selecting your iPhone in the sidebar and choosing the apps tab. Files can be transferred to your computer by dragging them to your desired copy destination.

Backup

Make a local backup of your device in Finder and use an app like iMazing to extract files from the backup.

Jailbreak

If your device is jailbroken, you can access the file system with Filza and share files as you would files in the Files app (AirDrop etc).