Quotient of a Lie algebra by a subalgebra - what is it?

I believe the following holds: If $k$ is a field and $H \subseteq G$ is a closed subgroup of a linear algebraic group $G$, it follows the quotient $G/H$ is a smooth quasi projective scheme of finite type over $k$. We may embed $G/H \subseteq \mathbb{P}^d_k$ into projective $d$-space over $k$ for some integer $d \geq 1$ (it is not completely trivial to construct such an embedding). As noted above: The tangent space $T_{\overline{e}}(G/H)$ of the scheme $G/H$ at the point $\overline{e}\in G/H$, where $e\in G$ is the multiplicative identity equals the quotient $Lie(G)/Lie(H)$ as left $H$ and $Lie(H)$-module. There is an isomorphism of $H$-modules (and $Lie(H)$-modules)

$$ T_{\overline{e}}(G/H) \cong Lie(G)/Lie(H).$$

Question: "So one possibility to relate spaces $\mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{h}$ to quotients like $G/H$ would be to ask whether there exists a $\mathfrak{g}$-representation $V$ and a vector $v \in V$ such that $\mathfrak{h}=\{g \in \mathfrak{g} : gv=0\}$ and there is an isomorphism $\mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{h}≅\mathfrak{g}v$ compatible with the quotient maps $\mathfrak{g}\rightarrow \mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{h}$ sending $g$ to $g+h$ and $\mathfrak{g}\rightarrow \mathfrak{g}v$ sending $g$ to $gv$. Can this (or maybe something better) be always done?"

Answer: "This" can be done and you may find it in the litterature. You should take a look at Borel's book "Linear algebraic groups" and Theorem 6.8, page 98. I believe this gives a construction of a quotient $G/H$ for any field $k$. Much work has been done on the construction of "quotients" in algebraic geometry, but Borel's book is a good place to start if your group is algebraic.

You are propably aware of the "stacks homepage" where more general "quotients" such as "algebraic spaces" and "algebraic stacks" are constructed.

Example 1. If $G$ is a semi simple algebraic group and $P\subseteq G$ a parabolic subgroup, it follows the quotient $\mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{p}$ is the tangent space of the flag variety $G/P$ "at the identity". There is a canonical $\mathfrak{p}$-module structure

$$\rho: \mathfrak{p}\rightarrow \operatorname{End}(\mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{p})$$

induced by the canonical action - the adjoint action - of $\mathfrak{p}$ on $\mathfrak{g}$.

Example 2. If $dim_k(V)=n+1$ and $l\in V$ is a line, you may let $P\subseteq SL(V)$ be the parabolic subgroup of elements fixing the line $l$. It follows there is an isomorphism

$$SL(V)/P \cong \mathbb{P}(V^*)\cong \mathbb{P}^n_k.$$

Hence the isomorphism

$$ T_{\overline{e}}(SL(V)/P) \cong T_{\overline{e}}(\mathbb{P}^n_k)$$

gives a canonical $\mathfrak{p}$-module structure on the tangent space of projective $n$-space at the "identity". If you instead choose a vector subspace $W\subseteq V$ of dimension $m$ you get a similar result for the grassmannian. You get a geometric interpretation of these representations in terms of flag varieties and other quotient spaces.

Example 3. If $V:=k\{e_0,..,e_n\}$, $l:=(e_0)$, $V^*:=k\{x_0,..,x_n\}$ and $\mathcal{L}:=\mathcal{O}(d)$ for $d\geq 1$, it follows there is an isomorphism

$$ \phi:\Gamma(\mathbb{P}^n_k, \mathcal{L}) \cong Sym^d(V^*)$$

where $Sym^d(V^*)$ is the $d$'th symmetric product of the dual representation $V^*$ of $V$. The map $\phi$ is a map of $SL(V)$-modules. Hence the global sections of $\mathcal{L}$ is an (irreducible) $SL(V)$-module. Hence you may interpret some irreducible $SL(V)$-modules as global sections of invertible sheaves on the quotient $SL(V)/P$. This is the Borel-Weil-Bott construction.