Is "straight from Kafka" an idiom?

I am working as a translator and in one of my projects, which was about strategic management , I came across this sentence:

" In scenarios that come straight from Kafka, the simplest problems take months, even years to address."

Could someone please tell me what this sentence means or at least simplify it? Is the phrase "in scenarios that come straight from Kafka" an idiom??

"in scenarios that come straight from Kafka" is not an idiom, and I will leave the matter of Kafka and cultural reference to others, but I think your question is a reasonable one and I'd like to point out that the phrase in question actually contains something that can be used idiomatically, in a sense, and that is the following phrasal template:

"come straight from"

as in "X comes straight from Y."

The meaning can either be literal (indicating actual "coming") or figurative (in which case the meaning is like "be reminiscent of" or "seem to be derived from"). Let's start with some literal examples:

This letter came straight from the President.

The box came straight from the warehouse.

I came straight from work to see you today.

Then there are some examples that highlight the seeming to come from somewhere:

This pizza is so good it could have come straight from Italy.

Your car looks like it came straight from the factory.

And then here are some figurative examples:

Don't take that course; the professor comes straight from hell.

The scenarios come straight from Kafka.

Life's sweetest gifts come straight from the heart.

I hope that this has addresses the root of your question.

I recommend the following fascinating reading around the entire issue of phrases and idioms:

Difference between phrase and idiom

What exactly is an idiom? (with a fascinating post by @pavja2)

Also, for good reading on the pervasiveness of figurative or metaphorical language in everyday speech and writing, check out Metaphors We Live By, by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson

It's not an idiom, it's a literary reference. Saying something comes "straight from Kafka" implies it is dark and disturbing to the point of being surreal.

Franz Kafka was a Bohemian (Czech) writer who wrote strange stories of the grotesque and terrifying. In his most famous, Metamorphosis, the protagonist is inexplicably transformed into a gigantic bug overnight, and has to deal with the fallout from that.

We even have an adjective to describe this sort of thing: Kafkaesque. Here's what Wikipedia has to say about that:

Kafka's writing has inspired the term "Kafkaesque", used to describe concepts and situations reminiscent of his work, particularly Der Process and "Die Verwandlung". Examples include instances in which bureaucracies overpower people, often in a surreal, nightmarish milieu which evokes feelings of senselessness, disorientation, and helplessness. Characters in a Kafkaesque setting often lack a clear course of action to escape a labyrinthine situation. Kafkaesque elements often appear in existential works, but the term has transcended the literary realm to apply to real-life occurrences and situations that are incomprehensibly complex, bizarre, or illogical.

I suppose if we have an adjective, that would imply some kind of idiomatic usage. It's a fine point. But since people who don't have enough literary background aren't likely to understand "Kafkaesque" except dimly, I don't think it would have enough currency to be a readily understood idiom for all readers.

The phrase straight from Kafka may not be an established idiom per se, but in an X straight from Y could be considered idiomatic. The phrase essentially means reminiscent of or according to the school of.

Check out this excerpt from a ballet review:

The Age of Anxiety is based upon the 1946 poem by W H Auden, depicting the lives of four New Yorkers who struggle to root themselves in a changing world. Scarlett places his dancers in a set straight from Edward Hopper, creates characters reminiscent of Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller, and gives a nod to Gene Kelly that makes dazzling use of the virtuoso Steven McRae.

Or, in a piece documenting the work of NASA's space shuttle fleet:

In 1998, Endeavour carried the first US module to the International Space Station (ISS). In a venture straight from science fiction, this was the first of dozens of flights to add components to the eventually vast complex.

Here, the writer isn't saying that the flight was fictional, but that it seemed so advanced at the time, that it almost resembled science fiction.

Or, in this political piece:

In a call straight from the John Kerry political leadership playbook, Shannon was for Common Core before he was against it.

the writer is trying to point out that Shannon's "flip-flopping" is very similar to how John Kerry once famously justified his evolving opinion.

And from this India news article:

In a scene straight from Bollywood flick, stockily built killer entered the hospital in doctor's apron and a surgical mask, climbed stairs, and headed straight for bed number 17 on the third floor of 50-year-old hospital. Once there, the killer, whose identity is still not known, whipped out a pistol from apron and pulled the trigger.

Here, the reporter is saying that the event was so surreal it seems more fitting as the plot of an action movie than a real from an actual event.

Here's a sentence from Wikipedia describing Kafka's novels:

Dark and at times surreal, the novel is focused on alienation, bureaucracy, the seemingly endless frustrations of man's attempts to stand against the system, and the futile and hopeless pursuit of an unobtainable goal.

Also Kafkaesque has become an adjective

Kafka's writing has inspired the term "Kafkaesque", used to describe concepts and situations reminiscent of his work, particularly Der Process and "Die Verwandlung". Examples include instances in which bureaucracies overpower people, often in a surreal, nightmarish milieu which evokes feelings of senselessness, disorientation, and helplessness. Characters in a Kafkaesque setting often lack a clear course of action to escape a labyrinthine situation. Kafkaesque elements often appear in existential works, but the term has transcended the literary realm to apply to real-life occurrences and situations that are incomprehensibly complex, bizarre, or illogical.

You could rewrite the phrase as:

• in a scenario which seems like it could have appeared in one of Kafka's novels
• a scenario which reminds us of Kafka's novels
• a scenario which could have inspired one of Kafka's novels