A phrase that captures the concept of making oneself falsely appear to be guilty for purpose of discrediting another party

This reminds me of the Hitchcock thriller, Gas light, where a husband twists and manipulates events in order to convince everyone, and his own wife, of her mental instability. Gregory plants false memories, tricks her into hearing noises which no one else in the household hears, so that he can commit his wife, Paula, to a mental institution whereupon he will be unhindered in his attempts to find Paula's murdered aunt's collection of jewels, hidden somewhere in the aunt's home. The same home where they now both reside.

A picture disappears from the walls of the house, and Gregory says that Paula took it, but Paula has no recollection of having done so. Paula also hears footsteps coming from above her, in the sealed attic, and sees the gaslights dim and brighten for no apparent reason. Gregory suggests that these are all figments of Paula's imagination.

The cunning plan, tricks, and devious double-handed manoeuvres employed by the husband, played by Charles Boyer, lead to the film enjoying a huge success at the box office. As a result a new expression was coined, that of gaslighting, the word [gaslight] was used to describe an attempt to destroy another's perception of reality. The term was further popularized in Victor Santoro's 1994 book Gaslighting: How to Drive Your Enemies Crazy, which outlines legal tactics which the reader may adopt to his own advantage

Gaslighting

Psychologist Martha Stout states that sociopaths frequently use gaslighting tactics. Sociopaths consistently transgress social mores, break laws, and exploit others, but are also typically charming and convincing liars who consistently deny wrongdoing. Thus, some who have been victimized by sociopaths may doubt their perceptions. Jacobson and Gottman report that some physically abusive spouses may gaslight their partners, even flatly denying that they have been violent.

It's not an exact fit, but Alice is acting as an agent provocateur. An agent provocateur is someone (often a spy) who baits you into performing an illegal act for someone else's gain.

She is provoking Bob into making a false accusation for the purpose of making him look foolish. You might also say she's baiting him into bearing false witness. Both of these may be interpreted as crimes. Hence, agent provocateur.

As I've said, it's not an exact fit. But, it can be applied.

If she were the Police, it would be called entrapment.

But again, both of these words (as generally understood) require that Bob has committed a crime in reporting her.