repair partition table

I've just overwritten my partition table of my system's hard disk. i made a cfdisk on the wrong device (/dev/sda instead of /dev/sdd), deleted all partitions, made one new primary spanning over the whole device, set its type to 07 (NTFS) and hit write.

So here i am with my system running. Until i reboot, i hope/guess nothing will change - meaning: all my data is accessible (I'm currently making a dd-backup of the whole device and plan to make a .tar.gz-backup of the most important data later). I also backed up /proc/partitions, /proc/diskstats (even though i guess this is more about throughput and stuff like this ...) and /sys/block/sda/sda?/{start,size}.

Some further things i know:

• 4 primary partitions
• 1st partition: ~100Mb, ext3, /boot
• 2nd partition: ~100Mb, "Win7 Boot Partition", ntfs(?)
• 3rd partition: ~20...30GB, Win7, ntfs
• 4th partition: ~20...30GB, luks-encrypted device
• The luks- de crypted device is a LVM-PV
• The /, /home & swap-partitions are all LVs on the (VG on the) above noted PV

So my questions:

• What is the simplest way to just write the kernels partition table to the disk?
• What is the simplest way to take the above mentioned (and perhaps other I don't know of ...) data and generate the partition table?
• Are there any problems to take care of regarding to luks and/or lvm?
• Is there any data I should backup before rebooting (meanig stuff from kernel [ /sys/..., /proc/...] and so on, which could help me regenerate the partition table)?

Not too tricky. Hopefully.

First of all, note the size and order of all your partitions on /dev/sda:

challenger:/home/michael # grep . /sys/block/sda/sda*/{start,size}
/sys/block/sda/sda1/start:63
/sys/block/sda/sda2/start:228690000
/sys/block/sda/sda3/start:257040
/sys/block/sda/sda1/size:256977
/sys/block/sda/sda2/size:83885760
/sys/block/sda/sda3/size:228432960

Run fdisk on /dev/sda and change the units to sectors:

Command (m for help): u
Changing display/entry units to sectors

Then start making partitions. Use the appropriate numbers start and size for each partition.
Avoid an off-by-one error - subtract one from size before typing it into fdisk.

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First sector (63-312581807, default 63): 
Using default value 63
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (63-312581807, default 312581807): +256976

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x02b002af

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1              63      257039      128488+  83  Linux

Don't forget to set your partition IDs and toggle the boot flag on the right partition

Now re-install your MBR and you should be ready to go.

Naturally you can do all this using your favorite partition editor... parted works just fine as well.

If you've lost the information regarding start/end of partitions - parted has 'rescue' options to search the disk for lost partitions. But you shouldn't need those.

If the partition table is damaged, I'd suggest using a boot disk of RIP (rescue is possible Linux) to run testdisk. Heck, you might be able to run testdisk from your running system to have it scan and recover partitions, but I'd not try that because I don't know what it would do to a running system with open files.

If you want to try a backup of essential data (you don't already have it?) now would be a good time to do so...