How do I access private methods and private data members via reflection?

I know that we can access private constructor via reflection as @Sanjay T. Sharma mentioned in his answer of my question: Does “instanceof Void” always return false?

However, @duffymo said:

you can access private everything with reflection - methods, constructors, data members, everything.

1. How can I access the private methods and the private data members?
2. Is it possible to access local variable via reflection?
3. Is there a way to prevent anyone from accessing private constructors, methods, and data members?

1) How can I access the private methods and the private data members?

You can do it with a little help of the setAccessible(true) method:

class Dummy{
    private void foo(){
        System.out.println("hello foo()");
    }
    private int i = 10;
}

class Test{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Dummy d = new Dummy();

        /*---  [INVOKING PRIVATE METHOD]  ---*/
        Method m = Dummy.class.getDeclaredMethod("foo");
        //m.invoke(d); // Exception java.lang.IllegalAccessException
        m.setAccessible(true);//Abracadabra
        m.invoke(d); // Now it's OK

        /*---  [GETING VALUE FROM PRIVATE FIELD]  ---*/
        Field f = Dummy.class.getDeclaredField("i");
        //System.out.println(f.get(d)); // Not accessible now
        f.setAccessible(true); // Abracadabra
        System.out.println(f.get(d)); // Now it's OK

        /*---  [SETTING VALUE OF PRIVATE FIELD]  ---*/
        Field f2 = Dummy.class.getDeclaredField("i");
        //f2.set(d,20); // Not accessible now
        f2.setAccessible(true); // Abracadabra
        f2.set(d, 20); // Now it's OK
        System.out.println(f2.get(d));
    }
}

2) Is it possible to access a local variable via reflection?

No. Local variables cannot be accessed outside of a block in which they were created (someone could say that you can assign such a variable to a field like field = localVariable; and later access such a field via reflection, but this way we will be accessing the value, not the variable).

3) Is there any way to prevent anyone from accessing private constructors, methods, and data members?

I think for constructors or methods you could use stacktrace to check if it was invoked by Reflection.
For fields I can't find a solution to prevent accessing them via reflection.

[WARNING: This is not approved by anyone. I just wrote it inspired by your question.]

class Dummy {
    private void safeMethod() {
        StackTraceElement[] st = new Exception().getStackTrace();
        // If a method was invoked by reflection, the stack trace would be similar
        // to something like this:
        /*
        java.lang.Exception
            at package1.b.Dummy.safeMethod(SomeClass.java:38)
            at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
            at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)
            at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
        ->    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:601)
            at package1.b.Test.main(SomeClass.java:65)
        */
        //5th line marked by "->" is interesting one so I will try to use that info

        if (st.length > 5 &&
            st[4].getClassName().equals("java.lang.reflect.Method"))
            throw new RuntimeException("safeMethod() is accessible only by Dummy object");

        // Now normal code of method
        System.out.println("code of safe method");
    }

    // I will check if it is possible to normally use that method inside this class
    public void trySafeMethod(){
        safeMethod();
    }

    Dummy() {
        safeMethod();
    }
}

class Dummy1 extends Dummy {}

class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Dummy1 d1 = new Dummy1(); // safeMethod can be invoked inside a superclass constructor
        d1.trySafeMethod(); // safeMethod can be invoked inside other Dummy class methods
        System.out.println("-------------------");

        // Let's check if it is possible to invoke it via reflection
        Method m2 = Dummy.class.getDeclaredMethod("safeMethod");
        // m.invoke(d);//exception java.lang.IllegalAccessException
        m2.setAccessible(true);
        m2.invoke(d1);
    }
}

Output from Test main method:

code of safe method
code of safe method
-------------------
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:601)
    at package1.b.Test.main(MyClass2.java:87)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: method safeMethod() is accessible only by Dummy object
    at package1.b.Dummy.safeMethod(MyClass2.java:54)
    ... 5 more

1. Using the method shown in the answer you linked to: setAccessible(true), which is a method of the superclass of Field, Constructor and Method.
2. No.
3. No, unless the code runs in a JVM you control, where you install a security manager. But if you give someone a jar file, and he uses the classes from this jar file, he'll be able to access everything.

To access a private field you will need to call the Class.getDeclaredField(String name) or enter code here method. Check this simple code:

public class PrivateObject {

  private String privateString = null;

  public PrivateObject(String privateString) {
    this.privateString = privateString;
  }
}

PrivateObject privateObject = new PrivateObject("The Private Value");

Field privateStringField = PrivateObject.class.
            getDeclaredField("privateString");

privateStringField.setAccessible(true);

String fieldValue = (String) privateStringField.get(privateObject);
System.out.println("fieldValue = " + fieldValue

To access a private method you will need to call the Class.getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class[] parameterTypes) or Class.getDeclaredMethods() method.

Check this simple code:

public class PrivateObject {

  private String privateString = null;

  public PrivateObject(String privateString) {
    this.privateString = privateString;
  }

  private String getPrivateString(){
    return this.privateString;
  }
}
PrivateObject privateObject = new PrivateObject("The Private Value");

Method privateStringMethod = PrivateObject.class.
        getDeclaredMethod("getPrivateString", null);

privateStringMethod.setAccessible(true);

String returnValue = (String)
        privateStringMethod.invoke(privateObject, null);

System.out.println("returnValue = " + returnValue);

Read detail at http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-reflection/private-fields-and-methods.html

 Area s=(Area)c.newInstance();  
 s.setRadius(10);
 System.out.println("Area: "+s.calculateArea(4));

 Method m[]=c.getDeclaredMethods(); 
  Constructor c1[]=c.getConstructors();  

 for(int i=0;i<m.length;i++)
     System.out.println(""+m[i]);

 for(int i=0;i<c1.length;i++)
     System.out.println(""+c1[i]);