Onomatopoeia Across Languages

Mitch is right. But onomatopoiea per se is a very insignificant phenomenon, since it can only refer to words about sounds, and how often do we talk about sounds?

Onomatopoeia is, however, part of a larger, more general, and sporadically studied field of linguistic research called (variously) sound symbolism, phonosemantics, ideophones, assonance/rime analysis, and probably other names as well. Here's a list of my own research in the area, with a bibliography of assonance/rime phonosemantics.

In English, for instance, well over half of the shorter words have part of their meaning correlated with their sound, particularly initial consonant clusters (called "assonances", like /kl/ in cluster) and "rimes" (vowel nucleus plus coda, like /-əmp/ in stump).

Aural meaning types (e.g, clang, clatter, clap, clink, clunk) are very common, and each one of the meaningful clusters and rimes usually has some aural sense as well; in the case of kl-, which means something like 'contiguous; connect', the aural senses mostly have to do with noises made by things coming together.

And every language has stuff like this going on. Lots of it.

Your stated question is:

Is there any technical term (or subfield) that can be used to refer to or that can best summarize this phenomenon?

Informally, no, there's not a subfield of phonology studying this phenomenon that has its own special one word latinate name.

Of course, there may be papers on the subject (which would de facto comprise a 'subfield') but then it would called the study of

onomatopoeia

To find out more about examples see that article and links to lists there, but see especially Cross-linguistic_onomatopoeias.