Most suitable term to describe a sequence of values and their timestamp

The most general term for (collected, experimental, etc.) data is a

dataset

A collection of data. OED

A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data. In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question. Wiki

Specifically,

Computing
A collection of related sets of information that is composed of separate elements but can be manipulated as a unit by a computer.

All patient deaths were reported in the primary data set as fractional units of months. Lexico

Or you could say you have a set of voltages (measured) over time. A dataset is not limited to a time series, of course.

Parameter estimation results in Figure 10 show the time constants estimated from the measured voltage dataset in different lengths, ranging from 30 min–2 h with a 30-min interval. R. Xiong et al.; Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications

The performance requirement specified for this dataset is for the baseline voltage to remain above 30 V for a specified time. The dataset is comprised of observed baseline voltages at the required time. R. Barthorpe; Model Validation and Uncertainty Quantification, Vol. 3

In a multivariate dataset, more than one response variable can be analysed at the same time. A. Zuur et al. Analyzing Ecological Data

I would not use signal it in your context to refer to the collection. It would apply to the voltage alone, although your data is a measurement of the signal (in time).

signal

A detectable physical quantity or impulse (such as a voltage, current, or magnetic field strength) by which messages or information can be transmitted m-w

We call them time series.

In mathematics, a time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. -Wikipedia

Here are two examples of usage:

• Time Series Analysis: The Basics -Australian Bureau of Statistics

• Introduction to the Fundamentals of Time Series Data and Analysis -Aptech