Do we pronounce the vowel at the beginning of the word with a preceding glottal stop?
Do we pronounce the vowel at the beginning of the word with a preceding glottal stop?
I don't know if it's always a glottal stop, but yes, English speakers usually pronounce words beginning with a vowel, with a glottal stop when following a pause. It's what is called a hard attack.
RP's use of 'hard attack' was described by John Wells in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
Geoff Lindsey observes that the insertion of glottal stops before initial vowels is more common now than it was in RP.
I can think of numerous situations where a glottal stop replaces word-initial vowel. Most of the time when the answer to a question is only 'I am', 'he is', 'she is', 'they are' etc., people almost always pronounce the 'am', 'is', 'are' with a glottal stop:
- I [ʔ]am.
- He [ʔ]is.
- They [ʔ]are.
Geoff Lindsey in his book English after RP (p91) writes:
Glottal stops are sometimes used as a way to begin a word-initial vowel. In RP, this was seen mainly as a way to emphasize the word. Today, initial glottal stops are also quite often used unemphatically, to separate words in connected speech. [...]
Another use of the glottal stop is as a way of beginning a vowel at the start of a word. This is referred to as ‘hard attack’.
And from Wikipedia:
Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel phonation after a silence.
So 'enter', 'apple' and 'I' at the beginning of a word after silence may be pronounced:
- Enter -> [ˈʔentə(r)]
- Apple -> [ʔæpl]
- I -> [ˈʔaɪ]
In English, the above pronunciations are the 'allophones' of /ˈentə(r)/, /æp(ə)l/ and /aɪ/ respectively (i.e. they do not change meaning).
Now consider a language where /ˈʔentə(r)/ and /ˈentə(r)/ have different meanings. Thus, the glottal stop in that language will be realised as a different phoneme.
As per Wikipedia article on glottal stop:
Additionally, there is the glottal stop as a null onset for English, in other words, it is the non-phonemic glottal stop occurring before isolated or initial vowels (for example, representing uh-oh!, [ˈʌʔoʊ] and [ˈʔʌʔoʊ] are phonemically identical to /ˈʌ.oʊ/).
'Non-phonemic' means that the addition of a glottal stop does not change the meaning of the word i.e. the glottal stop is not a phoneme in English. So for example [ˈʔaɪz] and [ˈaɪz] have the same meaning and are the allophones of /aɪz/ ('eyes').
According to a Wikipedia article on null onset:
Some languages forbid null onsets. In these languages, words beginning in a vowel, like the English word at, are impossible.
This is less strange than it may appear at first, as most such languages allow syllables to begin with a phonemic glottal stop.
Whereas in English, the distinction is phonetic, not phonemic i.e. /ˈæpl/ and [ˈʔæpl] have the same meaning.
From the same Wikipedia article:
In English, a word that begins with a vowel may be pronounced with an epenthetic glottal stop when following a pause, though the glottal stop may not be a phoneme in the language.
Few languages make a phonemic distinction between a word beginning with a vowel and a word beginning with a glottal stop followed by a vowel, since the distinction will generally only be audible following another word. However, Maltese and some Polynesian languages do make such a distinction, as in Hawaiian /ahi/ "fire" and /ʔahi/ "tuna".
In Hawaiian, the distinction is phonemic i.e. /ahi/ and /ʔahi/ have different meanings.
Note that word-medial vowels are not often pronounced with a glottal stop, but it doesn't mean they don't occur. As I explained above, 'I am', 'he is', 'they are' etc., are usually pronounced with a glottal stop.
In RP, saw Anna is often pronounced with an intrusive R; however, most of the time, people pronounce Anna with a glottal stop.
From the same book of Geoff Lindsey (p92):
Hard attack, on the other hand, creates a separating break between the words, ɑj[ʔ]am. This can be heard commonly today before words which are not particularly important, including function words, and which are not being emphasized. Here are real examples from TV news:
the murder[ʔ]of a British couple. there[ʔ]are[ʔ]already reports
In neither of these examples were the words following the glottal stops given special accentuation. Nonetheless, such non-emphatic use of hard attack is more common before stressed than unstressed vowels, and is often used on the strong rather than weak forms of function words.
Note that /slashes/ are used for phonemic data while [square brackets] are used for phonetic data (or for allophones).
- In English, [ˈʔæpl] and [ˈæpl] have the same meaning (phonetic)
- In Hawaiian, /ahi/ and /ʔahi/ have different meanings (phonemic)