How does redundancy work in English? [closed]

Redundancy is a feature (not a bug) of all languages. Redundancy is built-in and necessary for communication. If every symbol had only one meaning and was used only once, communication would be impossible; repetition is the foundation of all successful communication.

Consider how much ambient noise there is in our environment, and how many distractions we are prey to. We miss stuff that others say, all the time. Luckily, we can guess pretty well what we missed most of the time, and don't usually notice that we're having to guess. That's because language is around 90% redundant, on all levels.

And that's the way it has to be; it's what language evolved into. In every language,

1. the sounds are restricted, so only a few combinations are possible
2. the words have to be assembled in only a few ways
3. the combinations of words are limited to specific patterns
4. only common metaphors and narratives structure the discourse

which means we can predict a lot of what comes next, because we're familiar with the structure, at all levels.

Indeed, we frequently predict what comes first, when it's missing because of Conversational Deletion:

• (I have) Got to go now.
• (It is/was) Too bad about old Charlie.
• (I will) See you next Thursday.
• (There is) No need to get upset about it.
• (Have you) Ever been to the Grand Canyon?

This is possible because the construction markers are only necessary when there is a special need for them, as when learning a new construction. After it's learned, it can be shortened and ignored. But redundancy is always available, especially for learners.