Do any USB 3.0 to Gigabit Ethernet adapter work with OS X?
Solution 1:
StarTech makes the USB31000S, which is a USB 3.0 to Gigabit Ethernet adapter with support for VLANs, jumbo frames and checksum offloading. List price is about USD 55.
These are based on the ASIX AX88179 chip, which has drivers for OS X 10.6 - 10.8 available (bottom of previous link). Any other product using this chip would also work.
Solution 2:
It's not USB 3.0, but the Belkin F5D5055 USB 2.0 Gigabit Ethernet adapter is supported out the box by 10.7 (haven't checked 10.6) and delivers better performance than the Apple 10/100Mbps adapter. I can get speeds of around 35MB/s with my mid-2011 i7 Air.
Solution 3:
Yes. I have used Anker's USB 3.0 to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter on my MBP (2008 and 2011), iMac, Surface Pro and various laptops. As far as OS X goes, it worked with 10.8 through 10.10
Update: It has been tested to work on El Capitan (10.11) and macOS Sierra (10.12) with no issues. It was tested on a MacBook Pro 2011 and a 2012 iMac.