An English word for deception without telling a lie? [closed]

Mislead/misleading

One can be misled into thinking something, even if no lies are involved. Doesn't necessarily rule out lying though.

The restaurant misled its customers by hiding information about extra charges

As found on the list of types of lying on Wikipedia:

Lying by omission

Also known as a continuing misrepresentation, occurs when an important fact is left out in order to foster a misconception. Lying by omission includes the failure to correct pre-existing misconceptions. For example, when the seller of a car declares it has been serviced regularly but does not tell that a fault was reported at the last service, the seller lies by omission. It can be compared to dissimulation. An omission is when a person tells most of the truth, but leaves out a few key facts that therefore completely change the story.

I see that hvd also said this on the comments and I believe it is the single best way to describe the majority of the situations you described, Sharen. It's not a single word, but it captures the exceptional deceptiveness of the lie taking place. Not only is the person lying, they are going out of their way to hide it.

As the answer from Mike R covers most of these cases almost perfectly, I'm suggesting a more specific alternative that can be used in the case of the politician and scientist in particular.

Bending the truth

to say something that is not completely true in order to achieve an aim
He doesn’t lie exactly – he just bends the truth.

For the first three examples, "fine print" is definitely the way to go. However, for the politician and scientists answer - they are "bending the truth".

Politician: Many politicians use deceptive language. Also, they tend to tell only the benefits without telling the negatives.

Here the politician isn't explicitly saying anything that can be said to be a lie. However, they are omitting facts in a way that they are bending the truth. That is, they are manipulating the truth so that it isn't telling the whole story, but also isn't a disprovable lie.

Scientist: Say you are a scientist. You have 10 studies supporting your theory and 90 studies showing you are wrong. You only quote the 10 studies to people that can't expect.

Again, the scientist isn't saying anything provably false here - they aren't just lying. However, they are bending the truth by abusing the information they have to show their theory in a better light. Again, nothing they say is a lie - but it's clear what they have done is not fully honest.

This is misrepresentation. Refer to the very apt definition below in the context of business.

businessdictionary.com:

misrepresentation

Fraudulent, negligent, or innocent misstatement, or an incomplete statement, of a material fact. If a specific misrepresentation induces the other party to enter into a contract, that party may have the legal right to rescind the contract or seek compensation for damages. The guilty party avail of the defense that the wronged party could have checked the facts and have discovered what was wrong. A misstatement of an intention or opinion is generally not considered a misrepresentation.

Such expressions are called a 'half-truth'.

A half-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. The statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth, or it may use some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame or misrepresent the truth.

Wikipedia

a statement that is intended to deceive by being only partly true

Cambridge

Russia spreading 'half-truths and half-lies' - Britain

NewsHub - 6th April 2018