Should I write equals() and hashCode() methods in JPA entities?

Not necessarily. There are three options:

• don't override - thus you will be working with instances. This is fine in cases when you are working with the collections with only entities that are attached to the session (and hence guaranteed to be the same instance). This is (for me) the preferred way in many cases, because it requires less code and less consideration when overriding

• override hashCode() and equals() with a business key. That may be a subset of properties that identify the entity. For example, for a User a good business key might be the username or the email. This is considered good practice.

• override hashCode() and equals() using the ID field only. This is fine in some cases, especially if you have a manually-assigned identifier (like an UUID). It is also fine if your entity will never go into a collection. But for transient entities (with no identifier) that go into collections, it causes problems, so careful with this option. As seanizer noted - you should avoid it. Generally, always, unless you are really aware of what you are doing (and perhaps documenting it)

See this article for more details. Also note that equals()and hashCode() are tied and should be implemented both with exactly the same fields.

Yes, you should!

If you don't override the default Java.lang.Object equals and hashCode implementation:

@Entity(name = "Book")
public class Book implements Identifiable<Long> {
 
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;
 
    private String title;
 
    //Getters and setters omitted for brevity
}

the merge operation will return a different object instance and the equality contract is going to be broken.

The best way is to use a business key, like this:

@Entity
public class Book implements Identifiable<Long> {
 
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;
 
    private String title;
 
    @NaturalId
    private String isbn;
 
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (!(o instanceof Book)) return false;
        Book book = (Book) o;
        return Objects.equals(getIsbn(), book.getIsbn());
    }
 
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hash(getIsbn());
    }
 
    //Getters and setters omitted for brevity
}

You can also use the identifier for equality, but mind that the hashCode implementation should always return the same value, which for entities is not really a problem since you don't fetch many entities per DB transaction, as otherwise, the cost of fetching data is orders of magnitude larger than the single-bucket HashMap penalty imposed by using a fixed hashCode:

@Entity
public class Book implements Identifiable<Long> {
 
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;
 
    private String title;
 
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (!(o instanceof Book)) return false;
        Book book = (Book) o;
        return Objects.equals(getId(), book.getId());
    }
 
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return getClass().hashCode();
    }
 
    //Getters and setters omitted for brevity
}