Does VSCode have Full Disk Access via Terminal?

That is a mix of misconceptions.

You do not run Terminal in VSCode. Vscode calls macOS to request macOS to launch Terminal. So VSCode does not have Full Disk Access that way.

VSCode also can run command line tools directly not via Terminal. These tools might need Full Disk Access which I think can is done by giving VSCode Full Disk Access.

VSCode also might need Full Disk Access to access files in various different places on the disk.

Except for a few special cases for an App to get Full Disk Access requires the user to manually give it. This is via System Preferences->Security & Privacy -> Full Disk Access

Note I don't use VSCode at the moment but this is the setup for my programming editors.

You will need to provide the VSCode full disk access so the integrated terminal can execute the commands. See below:

For example, I can clear the recycle bin from the VSCode terminal without using sudo when I put the code in the ~.bash_profile

alias t='rm -rf ~/.Trash'

Clear the recyle bin:

$ t

This will work as VSCode will have full disk access now.