Using printf in assembly leads to empty output when piping, but works on the terminal

Use call exit instead of a raw _exit syscall after using stdio functions like printf. This flushes stdio buffers (write system call) before making an exit_group system call).

(Or if your program defines a main instead of _start, returning from main is equivalent to calling exit. You can't ret from _start.) Calling fflush(NULL) should also work.

As Michael explained, it is OK to link the C-library dynamically. This is also how it is introduced in the "Programming bottom up" book (see chapter 8).

However it is important to call exit from the C-library in order to end the program and not to bypass it, which was what I wrongly did by calling exit-syscall. As hinted by Michael, exit does a lot of clean up like flushing streams.

That is what happened: As explained here, the C-library buffers the the standard streams as follows:

1. No buffering for standard error.
2. If standard out/in is a terminal, it is line-buffered.
3. If standard out/in is a not a terminal, it is fully-buffered and thus flush is needed before a raw exit system call.

Which case applies is decided when printf is called for the first time for a stream.

So if printf_try is called directly in the terminal, the output of the program can be seen because hello has \n at the end (which triggers the flush in the line-buffered mode) and it is a terminal, also the 2. case.

Calling printf_try via $(./printf_try) means that the stdout is no longer a terminal (actually I don't know whether is is a temp file or a memory file) and thus the 3. case is in effect - there is need for an explicit flush i.e. call to C-exit.

The C standard library often contains initialization code for the standard I/O streams — initialization code that you're bypassing by defining your own entry point. Try defining main instead of _start:

    .globl main
main:
    # _start code here.

and then build with gcc try_printf.s -o try_printf (i.e., without -nostdlib).