Is there really any point to go to Duna without a contract for Duna?
Technically, there's no need to go to any other planets in career mode if you don't want to — it's possible to max out the tech tree and upgrade all facilities just by sciencing the heck out of Kerbin and its moons and grinding contracts for those. (And, by in-game time, it's actually faster to do that than to launch even a single interplanetary mission!)
But ultimately KSP is a game of space exploration, and what's the point of playing it if you're not going to explore every place you can?
Also, even if exploration for its own sake isn't your main goal, sending probes to other planets can still have practical advantages. Besides the explicit contracts for it that you mentioned, there's also:
- the science gained from running experiments on and around a new body,
- the not inconsiderable amount of funds, prestige and science automatically earned from "world first" milestones (such as flying by, orbiting and landing on a new planet or moon), and
- the recurring contracts for e.g. "science from space around <body>" or "science from the surface of <body>" that the game will start giving you at random as soon as you enter a new body's SOI.
In particular, as long as you have a working probe with an antenna and at least one reusable science experiment in orbit around and/or landed on the body, you can complete these contracts just by accepting them, switching to the probe, running the experiment and transmitting the data. Even if you've already done the experiment before in the same biome and thus receive 0 science points from redoing it, it'll still complete the contract. Basically, it's free money.
(The thermometer works nicely for this, being the lightest and cheapest science module and requiring the least amount of electric charge to transmit. I like to stick a thermometer on all my commsats in career mode just for this reason. Also note that, even if you don't have enough batteries to transmit the data all at once, you can turn off the "require complete" option on your antenna and still complete the contract even if your batteries run out of charge during transmission.)
In modern KSP versions you can also get contracts requiring you to e.g. move a landed probe to another nearby location or to overfly a particular location with a craft in orbit. Depending on the capabilities of your probes, these can also be easy sources of funds, although it's always worth checking exactly where the contract wants you to survey first; sometimes they're not as easy as they look!
Anyway, if you're acutely strapped for funds in career mode, you may just want to take whatever contracts give you the biggest bucks for bang (and particularly the biggest advance payment!) and grind out a few of those. In my experience, exploration contracts actually tend to be quite good for that, although asteroid surveys and rescue missions aren't bad either (and the latter also give you free kerbals!). But it's perfectly possible to make an exploration mission pay for itself even without a contract, just with the funds you get from completing milestones.
Also, if you keep getting offered lots of contracts that you really don't like (such as tourists with awkward itineraries or base-building contracts with silly requirements or rescue missions from the surface of Eve), sometimes visiting a new body can be useful just to knock the contract system out of its rut and make it start giving you new kinds of contracts again. Of course, most of the new contracts will typically involve the body you just visited, so try to pick a body that you actually want to go back to, or at least try to send a long-term mission that can complete multiple contracts while it's there.
The point of going to a planet without a contract could be planning by sending :
- relays
- science payloads
- return ships (à la the Martian)
Career will propose contracts called "World First" which consist in flying by, orbiting, landing, docking nearby and transferring crew... always with a different vessel. But you can still earn funds, rep and science by doing thing without a contract (you'll have a notification).
If you're into modding look at contract packs to have better contracts than stock. Field research and Tourism Plus are very interesting.
You get some money, reputation and science points everytime you do a maneuver for the first time on a planet or moon. The farther the body is from Kerbin, the more you earn. You may wish to visit Duna for some easy science points.
Lots of contracts also ask for simple things such as "take a temperature measurement from [insert body here]'s orbit/surface". Having a vessel there means you can take the contract, switch to that vessel, send the measurement through an antenna and collect easy earnings.
Last but not least, you may wish to have an orbiter and harvester on Ike. This way you can use the Duna/Ike system as a refueling station on the way to Jool and Eeloo.