Why does printf not print out just one byte when printing hex?

You're probably getting a benign form of undefined behaviour because the %x modifier expects an unsigned int parameter and a char will usually be promoted to an int when passed to a varargs function.

You should explicitly cast the char to an unsigned int to get predictable results:

printf(" 0x%1x ", (unsigned)pixel_data[0] );

Note that a field width of one is not very useful. It merely specifies the minimum number of digits to display and at least one digit will be needed in any case.

If char on your platform is signed then this conversion will convert negative char values to large unsigned int values (e.g. fffffff5). If you want to treat byte values as unsigned values and just zero extend when converting to unsigned int you should use unsigned char for pixel_data, or cast via unsigned char or use a masking operation after promotion.

e.g.

printf(" 0x%x ", (unsigned)(unsigned char)pixel_data[0] );

or

printf(" 0x%x ", (unsigned)pixel_data[0] & 0xffU );

Better use the standard-format-flags

printf(" %#1x ", pixel_data[0] );

then your compiler puts the hex-prefix for you.

Use %hhx

printf("%#04hhx ", foo);

Then length modifier is the minimum length.