Is there a way to quickly locate one's own space ship in No Man's Sky?

Craft the analysis visor. After that, you should have a marker on your HUD pointing to your vessel.

Usually, you get the quest to craft the visor as soon as you wander too far off from the starship.

Once you have repaired the starter vessel, there is an icon looking like a fighter jet indicating its position on your HUD. Alternatively, you can summon the starship by pressing X, and scrolling left to "Summon Starship". That way you can also switch vessels, should you have acquired more then one.

Use the quick menu to summon your ship to your location.

It's X on PC and I think D-Pad Down on Console. Then you can scroll to the left, until you see the ship icon, and it will allow you to summon your ship directly to where you want it.