Antonym of nomad

The antonym of nomad is nonnomad. It is mentioned in dictionary.reference.com also.

Examples from Google Books:

...“fixed abode of the nomad (Beduin), whom death transforms into a permanent settler (nonnomad) (mugim) for all eternity”

_{The Spiritual Background of Early Islam by M.M. Bravmann}

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This represented the first time “Uyghur” entered official use to refer to the Türki-speaking nonnomad population of southern Xinjiang.

_{Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland by S. Frederick Starr}

Note: The hyphenated form non-nomad looks like more common based on Google Books result.

If you're speaking of historical populations, you might use the word "settler".

A resident may convey the idea of someone who lives permanently in the same place:

• One who resides in a particular place permanently or for an extended period. (AHD)

or an inhabitant:

• One that inhabits a place, especially as a permanent resident: the inhabitants of a fishing village; snakes, lizards, and other inhabitants of the desert.

@Eilia's comment pretty much hits the mark. According to Merriam-Webster sedentary means (among others):

staying or living in one place instead of moving to different places

Or more pronounced yet:

1: not migratory: settled (sedentary birds) (sedentary civilizations)

Aside from sedentary the antonyms and near antonyms listed for migrant might be interesting as well.

The opposite of a nomad is a dweller.