List directories not containing a file
You can use -exec test ... to check for the existence of the file good in a directory e.g.
find /path/to/search -type d \! -exec test -e '{}/good' \; -print
You can do this easily with find and GNU parallel:
$ file=foo && find . -type d | parallel -j+0 "[ -f {}/$file ] || echo $file not in {}"
That command works by feeding every directory under the current directory into parallel. Parallel then launches parallel jobs to check for file foo in every directory, and prints a message if the file does not exist in the directory.