Correct usage of 'but for'?

The preposition But for x be expanded as:

if x had not existed or if x had not happened

This makes but for the equivalent of the third (remote) conditional where the main clause contains the would have construction. On this basis your third case is correct:

But for (If I hadn't drunk) the glass of wine I had for dinner, I would have got the house work done.

A related sense of but for is with the exception of:

But for (with the exception of) the wine, everything about the meal was perfect.

Neither of the above senses of but for works in your case 1 and 2 sentences.

But for often means ‘If it hadn’t been for’. That is the case with 'But for the glass of wine I had for dinner, I would have got the house work done.' If you make a similar substitution with the other two sentences, they make no more sense than they do with but for.