Is there an instance where 'and' could not replace 'but'?

The conjunction but means the same thing as the conjunction and, in most cases. They both contrast with the disjunction or.

There are plenty of idioms that use but, like but for that, nothing but the best, But why?, and the like, but in normal use the logic is the same.

The difference between and and but in non-idiomatic usage is that
but carries a presupposition that something else was expected.

• Bill washed the dishes and Mary dried them.
  (no presupposition)
• Bill washed the dishes but Mary dried them.
  (presupposes that Mary was not expected to dry them)

Other words can be used to implicate expectations, like beside(s), except, or instead (of), but they're not coordinating conjunctions like and, or, and but.