Overriding vs Hiding Java - Confused

I'm confused on how overriding differs from hiding in Java. Can anyone provide more details on how these differ? I read the Java Tutorial but the sample code still left me confused.

To be more clear, I understand overriding well. My issue is that I don't see how hiding is any different, except for the fact that one is at the instance level while the other is at the class level.

Looking at the Java tutorial code:

public class Animal {
    public static void testClassMethod() {
        System.out.println("Class" + " method in Animal.");
    }
    public void testInstanceMethod() {
        System.out.println("Instance " + " method in Animal.");
    }
}

Then we have a subclass Cat:

public class Cat extends Animal {
    public static void testClassMethod() {
        System.out.println("The class method" + " in Cat.");
    }
    public void testInstanceMethod() {
        System.out.println("The instance method" + " in Cat.");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Cat myCat = new Cat();
        Animal myAnimal = myCat;
        Animal.testClassMethod();
        myAnimal.testInstanceMethod();
    }
}

Then they say:

The output from this program is as follows:

Class method in Animal.

The instance method in Cat.

To me, the fact that calling a class method testClassMethod() directly from the Animal class executes the method in Animal class is pretty obvious, nothing special there. Then they call the testInstanceMethod() from a reference to myCat, so again pretty obvious that the method executed then is the one in the instance of Cat.

From what I see, the call hiding behaves just like overriding, so why make that distinction? If I run this code using the classes above:

Cat.testClassMethod();

I'll get: The class method in Cat. But if I remove the testClassMethod() from Cat, then I'll get: The class method in Animal.

Which shows me that writing a static method, with the same signature as in the parent, in a subclass pretty much does an override.

Hopefully I'm making clear my where I'm confused and someone can shed some light. Thanks very much in advance!

Solution 1:

Overriding basically supports late binding. Therefore, it's decided at run time which method will be called. It is for non-static methods.

Hiding is for all other members (static methods, instance members, static members). It is based on the early binding. More clearly, the method or member to be called or used is decided during compile time.

In your example, the first call, Animal.testClassMethod() is a call to a static method, hence it is pretty sure which method is going to be called.

In the second call, myAnimal.testInstanceMethod(), you call a non-static method. This is what you call run-time polymorphism. It is not decided until run time which method is to be called.

For further clarification, read Overriding Vs Hiding.

Solution 2:

Static methods are hidden, non-static methods are overriden. The difference is notable when calls are not qualified "something()" vs "this.something()".

I can't really seem to put it down on words, so here goes an example:

public class Animal {

    public static void something() {
        System.out.println("animal.something");
    }

    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("animal.eat");
    }

    public Animal() {
        // This will always call Animal.something(), since it can't be overriden, because it is static.
        something();
        // This will call the eat() defined in overriding classes.
        eat();
    }

}


public class Dog extends Animal {

    public static void something() {
        // This method merely hides Animal.something(), making it uncallable, but does not override it, or alter calls to it in any way.
        System.out.println("dog.something");
    }

    public void eat() {
        // This method overrides eat(), and will affect calls to eat()
        System.out.println("dog.eat");
    }

    public Dog() {
        super();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Dog();
    }

}

OUTPUT:

animal.something
dog.eat

Solution 3:

This is the difference between overrides and hiding,

1. If both method in parent class and child class are an instance method, it called overrides.
2. If both method in parent class and child class are static method, it called hiding.
3. One method cant be static in parent and as an instance in the child. and visa versa.

Solution 4:

If I understand your question properly then the answer is "you already are overriding".

"Which shows me that writing a static method, with the same name as in the parent, in a subclass pretty much does an override."

If you write a method in a subclass with exactly the same name as a method in a superclass it will override the superclass's method. The @Override annotation is not required to override a method. It does however make your code more readable and forces the compiler to check that you are actually overriding a method (and didn't misspell the subclass method for example).

Solution 5:

Overriding happens only with instance methods. When the type of the reference variable is Animal and the object is Cat then the instance method is called from Cat (this is overriding). For the same acat object the class method of Animal is used.

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Animal acat = new Cat();
    acat.testInstanceMethod();
    acat.testClassMethod();

}

Output is:

The instance method in Cat.
Class method in Animal.