What’s the point of inheritance in Python?

Suppose you have the following situation

#include <iostream>

class Animal {
public:
    virtual void speak() = 0;
};

class Dog : public Animal {
    void speak() { std::cout << "woff!" <<std::endl; }
};

class Cat : public Animal {
    void speak() { std::cout << "meow!" <<std::endl; }
};

void makeSpeak(Animal &a) {
    a.speak();
}

int main() {
    Dog d;
    Cat c;
    makeSpeak(d);
    makeSpeak(c);
}

As you can see, makeSpeak is a routine that accepts a generic Animal object. In this case, Animal is quite similar to a Java interface, as it contains only a pure virtual method. makeSpeak does not know the nature of the Animal it gets passed. It just sends it the signal “speak” and leaves the late binding to take care of which method to call: either Cat::speak() or Dog::speak(). This means that, as far as makeSpeak is concerned, the knowledge of which subclass is actually passed is irrelevant.

But what about Python? Let’s see the code for the same case in Python. Please note that I try to be as similar as possible to the C++ case for a moment:

class Animal(object):
    def speak(self):
        raise NotImplementedError()

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print "woff!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print "meow"

def makeSpeak(a):
    a.speak()

d=Dog()
c=Cat()
makeSpeak(d)
makeSpeak(c)

Now, in this example you see the same strategy. You use inheritance to leverage the hierarchical concept of both Dogs and Cats being Animals. But in Python, there’s no need for this hierarchy. This works equally well

class Dog:
    def speak(self):
        print "woff!"

class Cat:
    def speak(self):
        print "meow"

def makeSpeak(a):
    a.speak()

d=Dog()
c=Cat()
makeSpeak(d)
makeSpeak(c)

In Python you can send the signal “speak” to any object you want. If the object is able to deal with it, it will be executed, otherwise it will raise an exception. Suppose you add a class Airplane to both codes, and submit an Airplane object to makeSpeak. In the C++ case, it won’t compile, as Airplane is not a derived class of Animal. In the Python case, it will raise an exception at runtime, which could even be an expected behavior.

On the other side, suppose you add a MouthOfTruth class with a method speak(). In the C++ case, either you will have to refactor your hierarchy, or you will have to define a different makeSpeak method to accept MouthOfTruth objects, or in java you could extract the behavior into a CanSpeakIface and implement the interface for each. There are many solutions...

What I’d like to point out is that I haven’t found a single reason yet to use inheritance in Python (apart of frameworks and trees of exceptions, but I guess that alternative strategies exist). you don’t need to implement a base-derived hierarchy to perform polymorphically. If you want to use inheritance to reuse implementation, you can accomplish the same through containment and delegation, with the added benefit that you can alter it at runtime, and you clearly define the interface of the contained, without risking unintended side effects.

So, in the end, the question stands: what's the point of inheritance in Python?

Edit: thanks for the very interesting answers. Indeed you can use it for code reuse, but I am always careful when reusing implementation. In general, I tend to do very shallow inheritance trees or no tree at all, and if a functionality is common I refactor it out as a common module routine and then call it from each object. I do see the advantage of having one single point of change (eg. instead of adding to Dog, Cat, Moose and so on, I just add to Animal, which is the basic advantage of inheritance), but you can achieve the same with a delegation chain (eg. a la JavaScript). I'm not claiming it's better though, just another way.

I also found a similar post on this regard.

Solution 1:

You are referring to the run-time duck-typing as "overriding" inheritance, however I believe inheritance has its own merits as a design and implementation approach, being an integral part of object oriented design. In my humble opinion, the question of whether you can achieve something otherwise is not very relevant, because actually you could code Python without classes, functions and more, but the question is how well-designed, robust and readable your code will be.

I can give two examples for where inheritance is the right approach in my opinion, I'm sure there are more.

First, if you code wisely, your makeSpeak function may want to validate that its input is indeed an Animal, and not only that "it can speak", in which case the most elegant method would be to use inheritance. Again, you can do it in other ways, but that's the beauty of object oriented design with inheritance - your code will "really" check whether the input is an "animal".

Second, and clearly more straightforward, is Encapsulation - another integral part of object oriented design. This becomes relevant when the ancestor has data members and/or non-abstract methods. Take the following silly example, in which the ancestor has a function (speak_twice) that invokes a then-abstract function:

class Animal(object):
    def speak(self):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def speak_twice(self):
        self.speak()
        self.speak()

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print "woff!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print "meow"

Assuming "speak_twice" is an important feature, you don't want to code it in both Dog and Cat, and I'm sure you can extrapolate this example. Sure, you could implement a Python stand-alone function that will accept some duck-typed object, check whether it has a speak function and invoke it twice, but that's both non-elegant and misses point number 1 (validate it's an Animal). Even worse, and to strengthen the Encapsulation example, what if a member function in the descendant class wanted to use "speak_twice"?

It gets even clearer if the ancestor class has a data member, for example "number_of_legs" that is used by non-abstract methods in the ancestor like "print_number_of_legs", but is initiated in the descendant class' constructor (e.g. Dog would initialize it with 4 whereas Snake would initialize it with 0).

Again, I'm sure there are endless more examples, but basically every (large enough) software that is based on solid object oriented design will require inheritance.

Solution 2:

Inheritance in Python is all about code reuse. Factorize common functionality into a base class, and implement different functionality in the derived classes.

Solution 3:

Inheritance in Python is more of a convenience than anything else. I find that it's best used to provide a class with "default behavior."

Indeed, there is a significant community of Python devs who argue against using inheritance at all. Whatever you do, don't just don't overdo it. Having an overly complicated class hierarchy is a sure way to get labeled a "Java programmer", and you just can't have that. :-)

Solution 4:

I think the point of inheritance in Python is not to make the code compile, it is for the real reason of inheritance which is extending the class into another child class, and to override the logic in the base class. However the duck typing in Python makes the "interface" concept useless, because you can just check if the method exist before invokation with no need to use an interface to limit the class structure.