"read" command waiting for additional newline if input comes through pipe

Solution 1:

It doesn't have anything to do with the newline.

If you run your command using strace, you will find out that the cat will receives a SIGPIPE at the end, before being closed:

$ strace cat | read

...
someOutput
...
+++ killed by SIGPIPE +++

1. First cat command gets to run .
2. Then you type something in for the first time and hit the Enter.
3. What you have typed will be piped to the read.
4. cat is still running and waiting for a EOF.
5. You type something else and then hit the Enter agian.

6. This time, it can't be piped to read, because there is no read anymore waiting for input (it has been closed after first pipe) unless you run it like this:

   cat | while read line; do echo $line; done;
   

7. cat will receives a SIGPIPE and gets closed.

A process receives a SIGPIPE when it attempts to write to a pipe (named or not) or socket of type SOCK_STREAM that has no reader left. [1]

Receiving SIGPIPE happens after when second pipe happens.

For example consider yes command, because a command like yes pipes something fast and repeatedly:

yes | read

it gets closed immediately after the second pipe, pay attention to the two write() calls:

close(3)                                = 0                    
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 8192) = 8192          
write(1, "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"..., 8192) = -1 EPIPE (Broken pipe) 
--- SIGPIPE {si_signo=SIGPIPE, si_code=SI_USER, si_pid=3542, si_uid=1000} ---
+++ killed by SIGPIPE +++

Although, because yes command is too fast you might see more than of two write() calls, however if you run it several times you will see at least two calls and never one.