Determinant of a $2\times 2$ block matrix

We add an extra column and row to this matrix:

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc} A & B & 0 \\ C & D & 0 \\ 0 & 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

This new matrix has the same determinant as the original.

Now we perform some row and column operations that don't change the determinant. First add $D-1$ times the last row to the second-to-last, and then subtract the last column from the second-to-last column. The result is

$$ \left(\begin{array}{ccc} A & B & 0 \\ C & 1 & D-1\\ 0 & -1 & 1\end{array}\right).$$

By linearity of the determinant in each row and column, we can write the determinant of the above as

$$ \begin{align} &\det\left(\begin{array}{ccc} A & B & 0 \\ C & 1 & 0\\ 0 & -1 & 1\end{array}\right) + \det\left(\begin{array}{ccc} A & B & 0 \\ C & 1 & D-1\\ 0 & -1 & 0\end{array}\right) \\ &=\det \left(\begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ C & 1\end{array}\right) + (-1)(D-1)\det(\left(\begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ 0 & -1\end{array}\right) \\ &= \det(A-BC) + (D-1) \det(A).\end{align}$$

The other formula can be derived by replacing $D-1$ with $D+1$ in the second step and proceeding in a similar way.

Let

$$\mathrm M := \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm A & \mathrm c\\ \mathrm r^\top & \alpha\end{bmatrix}$$

where $\mathrm A \in \mathbb R^{n \times n}$ and $\mathrm c, \mathrm r \in \mathbb R^n$. Assuming that $\mathrm A$ is invertible,

$$\underbrace{\begin{bmatrix} \mathrm I_n & 0_n\\ -\mathrm r^\top \mathrm A^{-1} & 1\end{bmatrix}}_{\det (\cdot) = 1} \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm A & \mathrm c\\ \mathrm r^\top & \alpha\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm A & \mathrm c\\ 0_n^\top & \alpha - \mathrm r^\top \mathrm A^{-1} \mathrm c\end{bmatrix}$$

Hence,

$$\begin{array}{rl} \det (\mathrm M) &= \det \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm A & \mathrm c\\ 0_n^\top & \alpha - \mathrm r^\top \mathrm A^{-1} \mathrm c\end{bmatrix}\\\\ &= \det (\mathrm A) \cdot (\alpha - \mathrm r^\top \mathrm A^{-1} \mathrm c)\\\\ &= (\alpha - 1) \cdot \det (\mathrm A) + \det (\mathrm A) \cdot (1 - \mathrm r^\top \mathrm A^{-1} \mathrm c)\\\\ &= (\alpha - 1) \cdot \det (\mathrm A) + \det (\mathrm A) \cdot \det(\mathrm I_n - \mathrm A^{-1} \mathrm c \mathrm r^\top)\\\\ &= (\alpha - 1) \cdot \det (\mathrm A) + \det(\mathrm A - \mathrm c \mathrm r^\top)\end{array}$$

where we used the Weinstein-Aronszajn determinant identity to conclude that

$$1 - \mathrm r^\top \mathrm A^{-1} \mathrm c = \det(\mathrm I_n - \mathrm A^{-1} \mathrm c \mathrm r^\top)$$