Does Ubuntu carry over Windows filenames (png, exe, ect.) or does it have its own? [duplicate]

If they do I'd love to learn the names of them and what they do.

These are filename extensions, and many of them will be the same between Windows, Linux and MAC OS.

Most executables are not cross-platform, which means you will have to find Linux versions of executables. This includes extensions such as .com and .exe from Windows. Look into apt-get to learn about the recommended way to install software in Ubuntu.

Other extensions, such as .png, will be loaded by a Linux executable or script.

A clear example of this is that chromium is a browser available on both Linux and Windows. You can load any .html file on either of them, but you will have to run the proper executable for your platform.

You may be interested in learning more about file signatures, media types, file formats and more specifically, file headers.

No. Unix/Linux did NOT make the same error as windows by building how a file is treated into the user-controlled filename (secrets.pdf.exe, anyone?). Sometimes, Unix/Linux users use file extensions to hint (to other humans) what the file is used for, but the system doesn't care what you call a file. Use the file command to see what Ubuntu thinks a file is used for.