What's the difference between Thread start() and Runnable run()

Say we have these two Runnables:

class R1 implements Runnable {
    public void run() { … }
    …
}

class R2 implements Runnable {
    public void run() { … }
    …
}

Then what's the difference between this:

public static void main() {
    R1 r1 = new R1();
    R2 r2 = new R2();

    r1.run();
    r2.run();
}

And this:

public static void main() {
    R1 r1 = new R1();
    R2 r2 = new R2();
    Thread t1 = new Thread(r1);
    Thread t2 = new Thread(r2);

    t1.start();
    t2.start();
}

First example: No multiple threads. Both execute in single (existing) thread. No thread creation.

R1 r1 = new R1();
R2 r2 = new R2();

r1 and r2 are just two different objects of classes that implement the Runnable interface and thus implement the run() method. When you call r1.run() you are executing it in the current thread.

Second example: Two separate threads.

Thread t1 = new Thread(r1);
Thread t2 = new Thread(r2);

t1 and t2 are objects of the class Thread. When you call t1.start(), it starts a new thread and calls the run() method of r1 internally to execute it within that new thread.

If you just invoke run() directly, it's executed on the calling thread, just like any other method call. Thread.start() is required to actually create a new thread so that the runnable's run method is executed in parallel.

The difference is that Thread.start() starts a thread that calls the run() method, while Runnable.run() just calls the run() method on the current thread.

The difference is that when program calls start() method, a new thread is created and code inside run() is executed in the new thread: while if you call run() method directly, no new thread will be created and code inside run() will execute in the current thread directly.

Another difference between start() and run() in Java thread is that you cannot call start() twice. Once started, second start() call will throw IllegalStateException in Java while you can call run() method several times since it's just an ordinary method.

Actually Thread.start() creates a new thread and have its own execution scenario.

Thread.start() calls the run() method asynchronously,which changes the state of new Thread to Runnable.

But Thread.run() does not create any new thread. Instead it execute the run method in the current running thread synchronously.

If you are using Thread.run() then you are not using the features of multi threading at all.

What's the difference between Thread start() and Runnable run()

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