What is a maximum number of arguments in a Python function?

WFM

>>> fstr = 'def f(%s): pass' % (', '.join(['arg%d' % i for i in range(5000)]))
>>> exec(fstr)
>>> f
<function f at 0x829bae4>

Update: as Brian noticed, the limit is on the calling side:

>>> exec 'f(' + ','.join(str(i) for i in range(5000)) + ')'

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#63>", line 1, in <module>
    exec 'f(' + ','.join(str(i) for i in range(5000)) + ')'
  File "<string>", line 1
SyntaxError: more than 255 arguments (<string>, line 1)

on the other hand this works:

>>> f(*range(5000))
>>> 

Conclusion: no, it does not apply to unrolled arguments.

In Python 3.6 and before, the limit is due to how the compiled bytecode treats calling a function with position arguments and/or keyword arguments.

The bytecode op of concern is CALL_FUNCTION which carries an op_arg that is 4 bytes in length, but on the two least significant bytes are used. Of those, the most significant byte represent the number of keyword arguments on the stack and the least significant byte the number of positional arguments on the stack. Therefore, you can have at most 0xFF == 255 keyword arguments or 0xFF == 255 positional arguments.

This limit does not apply to *args and **kwargs because calls with that grammar use the bytecode ops CALL_FUNCTION_VAR, CALL_FUNCTION_KW, and CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW depending on the signature. For these opcodes, the stack consists of an iterable for the *args and a dict for the **kwargs. These items get passed directly to the receiver which unrolls them as needed.