Update column when a match in another table is found
The immediate error is that you can't qualify the column you want to update. So it should be set country_id = ...
The bigger problem is however your join.
As documented in the manual
Do not repeat the target table as a from_item unless you intend a self-join
So the correct statement most probably should be:
update tabel_b
set country_id = a.national_id
from table_a a
where b.passport_no = a.passport_no
and a.is_deleted = false;