extract multiple values based on other column [duplicate]

We may use subset for this.

# option 1
aov(Faktor ~ total_Sum, data = subset(FSQ, Faktor %in% c(0,2)))

# option 2
with(subset(FSQ, Faktor %in% c(0,2)), aov(Faktor ~ total_Sum))

Output

Call:
   aov(formula = Faktor ~ total_Sum)

Terms:
                total_Sum Residuals
Sum of Squares          0         8
Deg. of Freedom         1         6

Residual standard error: 1.154701
Estimated effects may be unbalanced

Data

FSQ <- data.frame(
  Faktor = rep(c(0,1,2), 4L),
  total_Sum = c(4,23,4,0,0,0,3,3,7,4,0,0)
)

You could create a new dataframe containing only rows where Faktor equals 0 or 2:

newFSQ <- FSQ[Faktor == 0 | Faktor == 2,] 

aov(newFSQ$Faktor ~ newFSQ$total_Sum)