math random number without repeating a previous number

There are a number of ways you could achieve this.

Solution A: If the range of numbers isn't large (let's say less than 10), you could just keep track of the numbers you've already generated. Then if you generate a duplicate, discard it and generate another number.

Solution B: Pre-generate the random numbers, store them into an array and then go through the array. You could accomplish this by taking the numbers 1,2,...,n and then shuffle them.

shuffle = function(o) {
    for(var j, x, i = o.length; i; j = parseInt(Math.random() * i), x = o[--i], o[i] = o[j], o[j] = x);
    return o;
};

var randorder = shuffle([0,1,2,3,4,5,6]);
var index = 0;

setInterval(function() {
    $('.foo:nth-of-type('+(randorder[index++])+')').fadeIn(300);
}, 300);

Solution C: Keep track of the numbers available in an array. Randomly pick a number. Remove number from said array.

var randnums = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6];

setInterval(function() {
    var m = Math.floor(Math.random()*randnums.length);
    $('.foo:nth-of-type('+(randnums[m])+')').fadeIn(300);
    randnums = randnums.splice(m,1);
}, 300);

You seem to want a non-repeating random number from 0 to 6, so similar to tskuzzy's answer:

var getRand = (function() {
    var nums = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6];
    var current = [];
    function rand(n) {
        return (Math.random() * n)|0;
    }
    return function() {
      if (!current.length) current = nums.slice();
      return current.splice(rand(current.length), 1);
    }
}());

It will return the numbers 0 to 6 in random order. When each has been drawn once, it will start again.

could you try that,

setInterval(function() {
    m = Math.floor(Math.random()*7);
    $('.foo:nth-of-type(' + m + ')').fadeIn(300);
}, 300);