Material Colors in Dwarf Fortress
Solution 1:
I'll break it down for you:
- White: Alabaster, Aluminum, Alunite, Borax, Calcite, Chalk, Cryolite, Dolomite, Featherwood, Galena, Silver, Limestone, Marble, Marcasite, Periclase, Platinum, Quartzite, Rock salt, Satinspar, Selenite, Stibnite, Talc
- Grey: Anhydrite, Bismuthinite, Dacite, Granite, Phyllite
- Dark Grey: Andesite, Basalt, Bituminous coal, Chromite, Claystone, Diorite, Gabbro, Graphite, Hornblende, Ilmenite, Jet, Lignite, Magnetite, Mica, Obsidian, Pyrolusite, Rhyolite, Shale, Slade, Slate, Sphalerite, Tetrahedrite
- Cyan: Adamantine, Ice, Microcline
- Dark Cyan: Lay Pewter, Clear Glass
- Blue: Cobaltite
- Dark Blue: Kimberlite
- Purple: Pitchblende, Rutile
- Dark Red: Bauxite, Hematite, Kaolinite
- Red: Cinnabar, Petrified wood, Realgar
- Yellow: Brimstone, Gold, Gypsum, Orpiment, Orthoclase, Saltpeter, Sylvite
- Dark Yellow: Cassiterite, Chert, Conglomerate, Copper, Puddingstone, Sandstone, Schist, Siltstone
- Green: Malachite, Olivine, Serpentine
- Light Green: Garnierite
Please note: there are no Black, Dark Cyan, Light Blue or Light Purple stones, though they are 4 of the 16 possible colors. You can get some of these colors via alternative means, such as wood, ore, metal alloys, or glass.
Data compiled from here
Solution 2:
The Dwarf Fortress Wiki has since been updated to contain a dedicated page for this exact purpose.
Click for the full Table