KVM/libvirt: How to configure static guest IP addresses on the virtualisation host
If you don't want to do any configuration inside the guest, then the only option is a DHCP server that hands out static IP addresses. If you use bridge mode, that will probably be some external DHCP server. Consult its manual to find out how to serve static leases.
But at least in forward modes nat or route, you could use libvirt's built-in dnsmasqd (More recent versions of libvirtd support the dnsmasq's "dhcp-hostsfile" option). Here is how:
First, find out the MAC addresses of the VMs you want to assign static IP addresses:
virsh dumpxml $VM_NAME | grep 'mac address'
Then edit the network
virsh net-list
virsh net-edit $NETWORK_NAME # Probably "default"
Find the <dhcp> section, restrict the dynamic range and add host entries for your VMs
<dhcp>
<range start='192.168.122.100' end='192.168.122.254'/>
<host mac='52:54:00:6c:3c:01' name='vm1' ip='192.168.122.11'/>
<host mac='52:54:00:6c:3c:02' name='vm2' ip='192.168.122.12'/>
<host mac='52:54:00:6c:3c:03' name='vm3' ip='192.168.122.12'/>
</dhcp>
Then, reboot your VM (or restart its DHCP client, e.g. ifdown eth0; ifup eth0)
Update: I see there are reports that the change might not get into effect after "virsh net-edit". In that case, try this after the edit:
virsh net-destroy $NETWORK_NAME
virsh net-start $NETWORK_NAME
... and restart the VM's DHCP client.
If that still doesn't work, you might have to
- stop the libvirtd service
- kill any dnsmasq processes that are still alive
- start the libvirtd service
Note: There is no way the KVM host could force a VM with unknown OS and unknown config to use a certain network configuration. But if know know that the VM uses a certain network config protocol - say DHCP - you can can use that. This is what this post assumes.
Some OS (e.g. some Linux distros) also allow to pass network config options into the guest e.g. via the kernel command line. But that is very specific to the OS, and i see no advantage over the DHCP method.
virsh net-update is a good command for you (you don't need to restart/destroy your network etc)
see:
https://www.redhat.com/archives/libvir-list/2012-September/msg01380.html
I have been able to make dnsmasq 'see' the newly added IP-MAC mapping by simply sending a -HUP signal to the dnsmasq process. After that, rebooting the new guest was enough to have the correct IP assigned to it, without the need to restart libvirtd nor the network itself.
The official libvirt documentation (http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/Networking#Applying_modifications_to_the_network) mentions this unofficial Perl script that automates the whole process: https://gist.github.com/bendiken/032ea1bddb9ffafe98b4
I haven't tried this script myself, because I figured out that the hostsfile was already updated and just sending the -HUP signal was enough.
The host is running Debian 7.8 and packages versions are:
- kvm 1:1.1.2+dfsg-6+deb7u8
- qemu-kvm 1.1.2+dfsg-6+deb7u8
- libvirt-bin 0.9.12.3-1+deb7u1