Manually converting unicode codepoints into UTF-8 and UTF-16

Solution 1:

Wow. On the one hand I'm thrilled to know that university courses are teaching to the reality that character encodings are hard work, but actually knowing the UTF-8 encoding rules sounds like expecting a lot. (Will it help students pass the Turkey test?)

The clearest description I've seen so far for the rules to encode UCS codepoints to UTF-8 are from the utf-8(7) manpage on many Linux systems:

Encoding
   The following byte sequences are used to represent a
   character.  The sequence to be used depends on the UCS code
   number of the character:

   0x00000000 - 0x0000007F:
       0xxxxxxx

   0x00000080 - 0x000007FF:
       110xxxxx 10xxxxxx

   0x00000800 - 0x0000FFFF:
       1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx

   0x00010000 - 0x001FFFFF:
       11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx

   [... removed obsolete five and six byte forms ...]

   The xxx bit positions are filled with the bits of the
   character code number in binary representation.  Only the
   shortest possible multibyte sequence which can represent the
   code number of the character can be used.

   The UCS code values 0xd800–0xdfff (UTF-16 surrogates) as well
   as 0xfffe and 0xffff (UCS noncharacters) should not appear in
   conforming UTF-8 streams.

It might be easier to remember a 'compressed' version of the chart:

Initial bytes starts of mangled codepoints start with a 1, and add padding 1+0. Subsequent bytes start 10.

0x80      5 bits, one byte
0x800     4 bits, two bytes
0x10000   3 bits, three bytes

You can derive the ranges by taking note of how much space you can fill with the bits allowed in the new representation:

2**(5+1*6) == 2048       == 0x800
2**(4+2*6) == 65536      == 0x10000
2**(3+3*6) == 2097152    == 0x200000

I know I could remember the rules to derive the chart easier than the chart itself. Here's hoping you're good at remembering rules too. :)

Update

Once you have built the chart above, you can convert input Unicode codepoints to UTF-8 by finding their range, converting from hexadecimal to binary, inserting the bits according to the rules above, then converting back to hex:

U+4E3E

This fits in the 0x00000800 - 0x0000FFFF range (0x4E3E < 0xFFFF), so the representation will be of the form:

   1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx

0x4E3E is 100111000111110b. Drop the bits into the x above (start from the right, we'll fill in missing bits at the start with 0):

   1110x100 10111000 10111110

There is an x spot left over at the start, fill it in with 0:

   11100100 10111000 10111110

Convert from bits to hex:

   0xE4 0xB8 0xBE

Solution 2:

The descriptions on Wikipedia for UTF-8 and UTF-16 are good:

Procedures for your example string:

UTF-8

UTF-8 uses up to 4 bytes to represent Unicode codepoints. For the 1-byte case, use the following pattern:

1-byte UTF-8 = 0xxxxxxx_bin = 7 bits = 0-7F_hex

The initial byte of 2-, 3- and 4-byte UTF-8 start with 2, 3 or 4 one bits, followed by a zero bit. Follow on bytes always start with the two-bit pattern 10, leaving 6 bits for data:

2-byte UTF-8 = 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx_bin = 5+6(11) bits = 80-7FF_hex
3-byte UTF-8 = 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx_bin = 4+6+6(16) bits = 800-FFFF_hex
4-byte UTF-8 = 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx_bin = 3+6+6+6(21) bits = 10000-10FFFF_hex^†

^†Unicode codepoints are undefined beyond 10FFFF_hex.

Your codepoints are U+006D, U+0416 and U+4E3D requiring 1-, 2- and 3-byte UTF-8 sequences, respectively. Convert to binary and assign the bits:

U+006D = 1101101_bin = 01101101_bin = 6D_hex
U+0416 = 10000 010110_bin = 11010000 10010110_bin = D0 96_hex
U+4E3D = 0100 111000 111101_bin = 11100100 10111000 10111101_bin = E4 B8 BD_hex

Final byte sequence:

6D D0 96 E4 B8 BD

or if nul-terminated strings are desired:

6D D0 96 E4 B8 BD 00

UTF-16

UTF-16 uses 2 or 4 bytes to represent Unicode codepoints. Algorithm:

U+0000 to U+D7FF uses 2-byte 0000_hex to D7FF_hex
U+D800 to U+DFFF are invalid codepoints reserved for 4-byte UTF-16
U+E000 to U+FFFF uses 2-byte E000_hex to FFFF_hex

U+10000 to U+10FFFF uses 4-byte UTF-16 encoded as follows:

Subtract 10000_hex from the codepoint.

Express result as 20-bit binary.

Use the pattern 110110xxxxxxxxxx 110111xxxxxxxxxx_bin to encode the upper- and lower- 10 bits into two 16-bit words.

Using your codepoints:

U+006D = 006D_hex
U+0416 = 0416_hex
U+4E3D = 4E3D_hex

Now, we have one more issue. Some machines store the two bytes of a 16-bit word least significant byte first (so-called little-endian machines) and some store most significant byte first (big-endian machines). UTF-16 uses the codepoint U+FEFF (called the byte order mark or BOM) to help a machine determine if a byte stream contains big- or little-endian UTF-16:

big-endian = FE FF 00 6D 04 16 4E 3D
little-endian = FF FE 6D 00 16 04 3D 4E

With nul-termination, U+0000 = 0000_hex:

big-endian = FE FF 00 6D 04 16 4E 3D 00 00
little-endian = FF FE 6D 00 16 04 3D 4E 00 00

Since your instructor didn't give a codepoint that required 4-byte UTF-16, here's one example:

U+1F031 = 1F031_hex - 10000_hex = F031_hex = 0000111100 0000110001_bin =
1101100000111100 1101110000110001_bin = D83C DC31_hex

Solution 3:

The following program will do the necessary work. It may not be "manual" enough for your purposes, but at a minimum you can check your work.

#!/usr/bin/perl

use 5.012;
use strict;
use utf8;
use autodie;
use warnings;
use warnings    qw< FATAL utf8 >;
no warnings     qw< uninitialized >;
use open        qw< :std :utf8 >;
use charnames   qw< :full >;
use feature     qw< unicode_strings >;

use Encode              qw< encode decode >;
use Unicode::Normalize  qw< NFD NFC >;

my ($x) = "mЖ丽";

open(U8,">:encoding(utf8)","/tmp/utf8-out");
print U8 $x;
close(U8);
open(U16,">:encoding(utf16)","/tmp/utf16-out");
print U16 $x;
close(U16);
system("od -t x1 /tmp/utf8-out");
my $u8 = encode("utf-8",$x);
print "utf-8: 0x".unpack("H*",$u8)."\n";

system("od -t x1 /tmp/utf16-out");
my $u16 = encode("utf-16",$x);
print "utf-16: 0x".unpack("H*",$u16)."\n";