In TS, why number[][number] === number?

That's a way how you get union of types of values.

it is the same as: there is an array of numbers number[], we say [number], that means give us a union of types of values that belong to numeric key, because it's an array of numbers the result is number.

type TestObject = {
  test1: string;
  test2: number;
};

// union of all keys is string | number
type TestValueUnion = TestObject[keyof TestObject];

// 'test1' | 'test2'
type TestKeyUnion = keyof TestObject;