Solve $2^x=x^2$

Your equation has two obvious solutions which are $x=2$ and $x=4$. The last solution is not rational ($x \approx -0.766665$) and cannot be obtained using simple functions. You cannot get the last root using logarithms.

Consider the function$$f(x):=(\ln 2)x-2\ln x$$ then $f^\prime (x)=\ln 2-2/x$. Then it easily follows that $f^\prime (x)>0$ when $x>4$ and $f^\prime (x)< 0$ when $x<2$. That is $f$ is increasing when $x>4$ and it is decreasing when $x<2$. Also $4$ and $2$ are zeros of $f$. Hence it follows that these are the only zero for $x>0$.

For, $x<0$ put $x=-y$ and consider the function $$g(y)=-(\ln 2)y-2\ln y$$ Then $g^\prime (y)=-\ln 2-2/y<0$ for all $y>0$ i.e. the function is strictly decreasing and hence it has exactly one root for $x<0$.