How to start CLSIDs from the command line?

See the Canonical Names of Control Panel Items article for the complete list, grouped according to the Windows version supported. You can even create shortcuts using explorer /e,::{CLSID}.

As per this source:

A shell namespace path may be a file system path but may also refer to class objects by using the notation of two colons followed by a CLSID in curly braces.

The IShellFolder shell interface's ParseDisplayName method is responsible for handling "references to items in the [shell] namespace that have a GUID associated with them using the "::{GUID}" syntax".