What is the figure of speech used in these lines? [closed]

Jacob's Ladder

Hearken! Trim that swagger a trifle, you wretched lump of earth!
Stamp those feet neither, nor act so haughty

Hearken! You are but a tiny figure on the grand scroll
A statistic, a number— a one-in-a trillion figure
Cometh before you a legion did

Hearken! You canst begin to count them graves!
The die was rolled eons back, and the die is cast

Hearken! Shrug off those epaulets of hubris, those self-congratulatory badges
You insignificant statistic you— ashes to ashes, dust to dust!

What is the figure of speech the poet has used in the highlighted parts? Also, what is the point of the poem and why is it titled so? I may be wrong but I thought the whole poem was rather a doggerel.


1. What is the figure of speech the poet has used in the highlighted parts?

"Die has been rolled eons back, and the die cast" is an antanaclasis, a rhetorical scheme, literary device, or "figure of speech," as it were, where the identical word is repeated but each time using a different definition. In the first instance, "die" is defined as a small multisided object used in games of chance, the plural of which is "dice," and in the second instance, "die" is defined as a casting mold used for manufacturing an item or items, the plural of which is "dies."

"Epaulets of hubris, those self-congratulatory badges" is a transferred epithet, a rhetorical scheme where a description of one thing is transferred onto something else. It's not actually the epaulets that are "of hubris" since epaulets are inanimate objects that are incapable of hubris. It's not actually the badges that are "self-congratulatory" since badges are likewise inanimate objects that are incapable of congratulating themselves. Rather, it's the person wearing the epaulets and the badges that is being described as "of hubris" and "self-congratulatory," those epithets transferring between the person wearing those objects and those objects.

2. Also, what is the point of the poem?

The point of the poem, in my own humble opinion, is to humble — or even humiliate — the reader, to take us each down a notch, to make us each feel not at all special, to get us each down off any high horse any of us may have fancied to climb upon.

3. And why is it titled so?

The title "Jacob's Ladder" is a Bible reference to a dream the prophet Jacob had, (recounted in Genesis 28) in which he saw a ladder (recounted in verse 12) leading to heaven. The poem is apparently asserting that that ladder is extremely crowded, a trillion-souls-crowded even, so any of us readers considering ourselves to one day find ourselves on it makes none of us anything special, just another face in an almost unfathomably numerous horde, so certainly nothing worthy of self-congratulations or hubris.