Where, in English, is the simple* negation enjoyed by the rest of the world's peoples?
Solution 1:
As people have said in the comments, your question is probably linked to the development of do-support in English. The topic is complicated and is still being researched. Here is an example of what people have said about its development in Middle English:
We show that the patterns in the development of do-support in imperatives as well as in questions and negative declaratives can be explained if the loss of verb movement occurs in two steps in the history of English with the loss of the higher movement preceding the loss of the lower movement. … In early Modern English (ca.1500-ca.1700), the use of do in these contexts was variable but increased over time. Ellegård provides a quantitative study of the development of do forms in various sentence types using a collection of sentences extracted from texts ranging in time from late Middle English to the 18th century. … After the middle of the 16th century, the frequency of do in (non-emphatic) affirmative declaratives declines steadily until, by 1700, the use of do in this environment is prohibited. The frequency of do in negative declaratives and in both affirmative and negative questions rises continuously until sometime after the 18th century, do becomes obligatory in these environments.
The analysis gets a bit technical. In fact, for me, it's a bit over my head, but this is the level that will be necessary to follow the discussion:
According to Roberts (1985) and Kroch (1989b), English completely lost V-I movement for lexical verbs in the middle of the 16th century. When V-I movement was lost, only be, auxiliary have and the modal verbs (can, may, must, etc.) could appear in I0. Based on the behavior of indicative sentences, Roberts argues that the rise of do forms is a reflex of the loss of V-I movement. As V-I movement was lost, INFL lowering replaced it and so the verb came to remain in situ. In questions, the requirement that a verbal material move to C0 persists; thus, auxiliary do is inserted in I0 as a last resort device and then moves to C0.
The full paper, The rise of do-support in English, is freely available here. Of course, it contains references to other work on the subject.