The difference between "require(x)" and "import x"

This simple diagram will help you understand the difference between require and import.

Apart from that,

You can't selectively load only the pieces you need with require but with import, you can selectively load only the pieces you need, which can save memory.

Loading is synchronous(step by step) for require on the other hand import can be asynchronous(without waiting for previous import) so it can perform a little better than require.

The major difference between require and import, is that require will automatically scan node_modules to find modules, but import, which comes from ES6, won't.

Most people use babel to compile import and export, which makes import act the same as require.

The future version of Node.js might support import itself (actually, the experimental version already does), and judging by Node.js' notes, import won't support node_modules, it base on ES6, and must specify the path of the module.

So I would suggest you not use import with babel, but this feature is not yet confirmed, it might support node_modules in the future, who would know?

For reference, below is an example of how babel can convert ES6's import syntax to CommonJS's require syntax.

Say the fileapp_es6.js contains this import:

import format from 'date-fns/format';

This is a directive to import the format function from the node package date-fns.

The related package.json file could contain something like this:

"scripts": {
    "start": "node app.js",
    "build-server-file": "babel app_es6.js --out-file app.js",
    "webpack": "webpack"
}

The related .babelrc file could be something like this:

{
    "presets": [
        [
            "env",
            {
                "targets":
                {
                    "node": "current"
                }
            }
        ]
    ]
}

This build-server-file script defined in the package.json file is a directive for babel to parse the app_es6.js file and output the file app.js.

After running the build-server-file script, if you open app.js and look for the date-fns import, you will see it has been converted into this:

var _format = require("date-fns/format");

var _format2 = _interopRequireDefault(_format);

Most of that file is gobbledygook to most humans, however computers understand it.

Also for reference, as an example of how a module can be created and imported into your project, if you install date-fns and then open node_modules/date-fns/get_year/index.js you can see it contains:

var parse = require('../parse/index.js')

function getYear (dirtyDate) {
  var date = parse(dirtyDate)
  var year = date.getFullYear()
  return year
}

module.exports = getYear

Using the babel process above, your app_es6.js file could then contain:

import getYear from 'date-fns/get_year';

// Which year is 2 July 2014?
var result = getYear(new Date(2014, 6, 2))
//=> 2014

And babel would convert the imports to:

var _get_year = require("date-fns/get_year");

var _get_year2 = _interopRequireDefault(_get_year);

And handle all references to the function accordingly.

Let me give an example for Including express module with require & import

-require

var express = require('express');

-import

import * as  express from 'express';

So after using any of the above statement we will have a variable called as 'express' with us. Now we can define 'app' variable as,

var app = express(); 

So we use 'require' with 'CommonJS' and 'import' with 'ES6'.

For more info on 'require' & 'import', read through below links.

require - Requiring modules in Node.js: Everything you need to know

import - An Update on ES6 Modules in Node.js