What is event bubbling and capturing?

What is the difference between event bubbling and capturing? When should one use bubbling vs capturing?

Solution 1:

Event bubbling and capturing are two ways of event propagation in the HTML DOM API, when an event occurs in an element inside another element, and both elements have registered a handle for that event. The event propagation mode determines in which order the elements receive the event.

With bubbling, the event is first captured and handled by the innermost element and then propagated to outer elements.

With capturing, the event is first captured by the outermost element and propagated to the inner elements.

Capturing is also called "trickling", which helps remember the propagation order:

trickle down, bubble up

Back in the old days, Netscape advocated event capturing, while Microsoft promoted event bubbling. Both are part of the W3C Document Object Model Events standard (2000).

IE < 9 uses only event bubbling, whereas IE9+ and all major browsers support both. On the other hand, the performance of event bubbling may be slightly lower for complex DOMs.

We can use the addEventListener(type, listener, useCapture) to register event handlers for in either bubbling (default) or capturing mode. To use the capturing model pass the third argument as true.

Example

<div>
    <ul>
        <li></li>
    </ul>
</div>

In the structure above, assume that a click event occurred in the li element.

In capturing model, the event will be handled by the div first (click event handlers in the div will fire first), then in the ul, then at the last in the target element, li.

In the bubbling model, the opposite will happen: the event will be first handled by the li, then by the ul, and at last by the div element.

For more information, see

Event Order on QuirksMode
addEventListener on MDN
Events Advanced on QuirksMode

In the example below, if you click on any of the highlighted elements, you can see that the capturing phase of the event propagation flow occurs first, followed by the bubbling phase.

var logElement = document.getElementById('log');

function log(msg) {
    logElement.innerHTML += ('<p>' + msg + '</p>');
}

function capture() {
    log('capture: ' + this.firstChild.nodeValue.trim());
}

function bubble() {
    log('bubble: ' + this.firstChild.nodeValue.trim());
}

function clearOutput() {
    logElement.innerHTML = "";
}

var divs = document.getElementsByTagName('div');
for (var i = 0; i < divs.length; i++) {
    divs[i].addEventListener('click', capture, true);
    divs[i].addEventListener('click', bubble, false);
}
var clearButton = document.getElementById('clear');
clearButton.addEventListener('click', clearOutput);

p {
    line-height: 0;
}

div {
    display:inline-block;
    padding: 5px;

    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid #aaa;
    cursor: pointer;
}

div:hover {
    border: 1px solid #faa;
    background: #fdd;
}

<div>1
    <div>2
        <div>3
            <div>4
                <div>5</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>
<button id="clear">clear output</button>
<section id="log"></section>

Another example at JSFiddle.

Solution 2:

Description:

quirksmode.org has a nice description of this. In a nutshell (copied from quirksmode):

Event capturing

When you use event capturing

               | |
---------------| |-----------------
| element1     | |                |
|   -----------| |-----------     |
|   |element2  \ /          |     |
|   -------------------------     |
|        Event CAPTURING          |
-----------------------------------

the event handler of element1 fires first, the event handler of element2 fires last.

Event bubbling

When you use event bubbling

               / \
---------------| |-----------------
| element1     | |                |
|   -----------| |-----------     |
|   |element2  | |          |     |
|   -------------------------     |
|        Event BUBBLING           |
-----------------------------------

the event handler of element2 fires first, the event handler of element1 fires last.

What to use?

It depends on what you want to do. There is no better. The difference is the order of the execution of the event handlers. Most of the time it will be fine to fire event handlers in the bubbling phase but it can also be necessary to fire them earlier.

Solution 3:

If there are two elements element 1 and element 2. Element 2 is inside element 1 and we attach an event handler with both the elements lets say onClick. Now when we click on element 2 then eventHandler for both the elements will be executed. Now here the question is in which order the event will execute. If the event attached with element 1 executes first it is called event capturing and if the event attached with element 2 executes first this is called event bubbling. As per W3C the event will start in the capturing phase until it reaches the target comes back to the element and then it starts bubbling

The capturing and bubbling states are known by the useCapture parameter of addEventListener method

eventTarget.addEventListener(type,listener,[,useCapture]);

By Default useCapture is false. It means it is in the bubbling phase.

var div1 = document.querySelector("#div1");
var div2 = document.querySelector("#div2");

div1.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
  alert("you clicked on div 1");
}, true);

div2.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
  alert("you clicked on div 2");
}, false);

#div1{
  background-color:red;
  padding: 24px;
}

#div2{
  background-color:green;
}

<div id="div1">
  div 1
  <div id="div2">
    div 2
  </div>
</div>

Please try with changing true and false.

Solution 4:

I have found this tutorial at javascript.info to be very clear in explaining this topic. And its 3-points summary at the end is really talking to the crucial points. I quote it here:

Events first are captured down to deepest target, then bubble up. In IE<9 they only bubble.

All handlers work on bubbling stage excepts addEventListener with last argument true, which is the only way to catch the event on capturing stage.

Bubbling/capturing can be stopped by event.cancelBubble=true (IE) or event.stopPropagation() for other browsers.

Solution 5:

There's also the Event.eventPhase property which can tell you if the event is at target or comes from somewhere else, and it is fully supported by browsers.

Expanding on the already great snippet from the accepted answer, this is the output using the eventPhase property

var logElement = document.getElementById('log');

function log(msg) {
  if (logElement.innerHTML == "<p>No logs</p>")
    logElement.innerHTML = "";
  logElement.innerHTML += ('<p>' + msg + '</p>');
}

function humanizeEvent(eventPhase){
  switch(eventPhase){
    case 1: //Event.CAPTURING_PHASE
      return "Event is being propagated through the target's ancestor objects";
    case 2: //Event.AT_TARGET
      return "The event has arrived at the event's target";
    case 3: //Event.BUBBLING_PHASE
      return "The event is propagating back up through the target's ancestors in reverse order";
  }
}
function capture(e) {
  log('capture: ' + this.firstChild.nodeValue.trim() + "; " + 
  humanizeEvent(e.eventPhase));
}

function bubble(e) {
  log('bubble: ' + this.firstChild.nodeValue.trim() + "; " + 
  humanizeEvent(e.eventPhase));
}

var divs = document.getElementsByTagName('div');
for (var i = 0; i < divs.length; i++) {
  divs[i].addEventListener('click', capture, true);
  divs[i].addEventListener('click', bubble, false);
}

p {
  line-height: 0;
}

div {
  display:inline-block;
  padding: 5px;

  background: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #aaa;
  cursor: pointer;
}

div:hover {
  border: 1px solid #faa;
  background: #fdd;
}

<div>1
  <div>2
    <div>3
      <div>4
        <div>5</div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
<button onclick="document.getElementById('log').innerHTML = '<p>No logs</p>';">Clear logs</button>
<section id="log"></section>