How to exclude properties from Swift Codable?

Swift's Encodable/Decodable protocols, released with Swift 4, make JSON (de)serialization quite pleasant. However, I have not yet found a way to have fine-grained control over which properties should be encoded and which should get decoded.

I have noticed that excluding the property from the accompanying CodingKeys enum excludes the property from the process altogether, but is there a way to have more fine-grained control?

Solution 1:

The list of keys to encode/decode is controlled by a type called CodingKeys (note the s at the end). The compiler can synthesize this for you but can always override that.

Let's say you want to exclude the property nickname from both encoding and decoding:

struct Person: Codable {
    var firstName: String
    var lastName: String
    var nickname: String?
    
    private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case firstName, lastName
    }
}

If you want it to be asymmetric (i.e. encode but not decode or vice versa), you have to provide your own implementations of encode(with encoder: ) and init(from decoder: ):

struct Person: Codable {
    var firstName: String
    var lastName: String
    
    // Since fullName is a computed property, it's excluded by default
    var fullName: String {
        return firstName + " " + lastName
    }

    private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case firstName, lastName, fullName
    }

    // We don't want to decode `fullName` from the JSON
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        firstName = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .firstName)
        lastName = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .lastName)
    }

    // But we want to store `fullName` in the JSON anyhow
    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        try container.encode(firstName, forKey: .firstName)
        try container.encode(lastName, forKey: .lastName)
        try container.encode(fullName, forKey: .fullName)
    }
}

Solution 2:

Another way to exclude some properties from encoder, separate coding container can be used

struct Person: Codable {
    let firstName: String
    let lastName: String
    let excludedFromEncoder: String

    private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case firstName
        case lastName
    }
    private enum AdditionalCodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case excludedFromEncoder
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        let anotherContainer = try decoder.container(keyedBy: AdditionalCodingKeys.self)
        firstName = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .firstName)
        lastName = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .lastName)

        excludedFromEncoder = try anotherContainer(String.self, forKey: . excludedFromEncoder)
    }

    // it is not necessary to implement custom encoding
    // func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws

    // let person = Person(firstName: "fname", lastName: "lname", excludedFromEncoder: "only for decoding")
    // let jsonData = try JSONEncoder().encode(person)
    // let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)
    // jsonString --> {"firstName": "fname", "lastName": "lname"}

}

same approach can be used for decoder

Solution 3:

If we need to exclude decoding of a couple of properties from a large set of properties in the structure, declare them as optional properties. Code to unwrapping optionals is less than writing a lot of keys under CodingKey enum.

I would recommend using extensions to add computed instance properties and computed type properties. It separates codable comforming properties from other logic hence provides better readability.

Solution 4:

You can use computed properties:

struct Person: Codable {
  var firstName: String
  var lastName: String
  var nickname: String?

  var nick: String {
    get {
      nickname ?? ""
    }
  }

  private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
    case firstName, lastName
  }
}