Why does Apache Commons consider '१२३' numeric?

Because that "CharSequence contains only Unicode digits" (quoting your linked documentation).

All of the characters return true for Character.isDigit:

Some Unicode character ranges that contain digits:

• '\u0030' through '\u0039', ISO-LATIN-1 digits ('0' through '9')
• '\u0660' through '\u0669', Arabic-Indic digits
• '\u06F0' through '\u06F9', Extended Arabic-Indic digits
• '\u0966' through '\u096F', Devanagari digits
• '\uFF10' through '\uFF19', Fullwidth digits

Many other character ranges contain digits as well.

१२३ are Devanagari digits:

• १ is DEVANAGARI DIGIT ONE, \u0967
• २ is DEVANAGARI DIGIT TWO, \u0968
• ३ is DEVANAGARI DIGIT THREE, \u0969

The symbol १२३ is the same as 123 for the Nepali language or any other language using the Devanagari script such as Hindi, Gujarati, and so on, and is therefore is a number for Apache Commons.